• Atbash Cipher

  The Atbash Cipher is a classical cipher where the letters of the alphabet are reversed. The first letter becomes the last, the second becomes the second last, and so on. This simple substitution cipher was originally used in the Hebrew script but can be applied to any alphabet. Despite its simplicity, it provides an interesting twist on basic substitution techniques. This technique only encrypts and decrypts letters.

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• Caesar Cipher

  The Caesar Cipher is a simple and ancient substitution cipher where each letter in the plaintext is shifted a certain number of places down or up the alphabet. Named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence, this cipher is easy to understand and implement, making it a popular choice for introducing the concepts of encryption. This technique only encrypts and decrypts letters.

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• Playfair Cipher

  The Playfair Cipher is a digraph substitution cipher that encrypts pairs of letters. Developed by Charles Wheatstone and named after Lord Playfair, this cipher uses a 5x5 matrix of letters to encode the plaintext. Each letter pair is substituted based on their positions in the matrix, providing a more complex encryption than simple substitution ciphers. This technique encrypts and decrypts letters and numbers.

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• Rail Fence Cipher

  The Rail Fence Cipher is a transposition cipher that encrypts text by writing it in a zigzag pattern across multiple lines, or "rails," and then reading it off line by line. The plaintext is arranged diagonally across these rails, and the ciphertext is formed by concatenating characters from each rail. This method rearranges the characters rather than substituting them, making it a simple yet effective example of transposition encryption. This technique encrypts and decrypts letters, numbers, and special characters.

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• Vigenère Cipher

  The Vigenère Cipher is a method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a simple form of polyalphabetic substitution. It employs a series of Caesar ciphers based on the letters of a keyword. Unlike the Caesar Cipher, the Vigenère Cipher uses a different shift for each letter in the plaintext, offering a more secure encryption method that was once thought to be unbreakable. This technique only encrypts and decrypts letters.

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• XOR Cipher

  The XOR Cipher is a simple symmetric encryption algorithm where each character in the plaintext is XORed with a key to produce the ciphertext. This technique relies on the bitwise XOR operation, which can be easily implemented in various programming languages. It serves as a fundamental example of symmetric encryption and is useful for learning about basic encryption techniques and bitwise operations. This technique only encrypts and decrypts letters.

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